The temple follows the Doric order, one of the three classical styles of ancient Greek architecture. Doric temples are known for their plain, cushion-like capitals atop fluted columns and a strong structure without excessive ornamentation.
Architectural details of Temple of Poseidon
Architectural style and order
Materials and construction techniques
Local white marble from the nearby Agrilesa quarries was used in the temple’s construction. The columns were made by stacking cylindrical stone blocks called drums and securing them with metal dowels. Craftsmen carved the flutes and details on-site with precise alignment and spacing, showcasing the advanced engineering skills of the time.
Column design and layout
The original structure featured 34 Doric columns arranged in a single row, surrounding the central chamber or cella on all four sides. The layout was 6 columns wide and 13 columns long. Each column stands about 6 meters tall with 16 vertical flutes. The subtle bulge in the middle of the columns, known as entasis, corrects optical illusions and makes them appear straight from a distance.
Sculptural decoration
While much of the temple’s decorative sculpture is now lost, it once featured carved friezes and metopes with scenes from Greek mythology. These likely included battles with centaurs and episodes from the life of Theseus—Athens’ legendary hero. Traces of paint found on fragments suggest that the temple was once brightly colored, not the plain white we see today.
Orientation and site integration
The temple is strategically oriented to face the sea, offering panoramic views over the Aegean. The position chosen was functional as it served as a landmark for ancient mariners navigating toward Piraeus. Some scholars believe its alignment may also correspond with astronomical events, like the setting sun during the summer solstice.
Architectural comparisons and influence
Nearby, the Temple of Athena Sounias stood on a lower terrace. Unlike the Doric Poseidon temple, it used Ionic features and had a different floor plan. The Temple of Poseidon shares similarities with the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens, especially in size and proportion. Its clean design has influenced many neoclassical buildings across Europe and beyond.
